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      <a href="/2016/07/30/angular-note-11-karma-jasmine-test-create/" title="Angular使用笔记11-使用Karma和Jasmine进行单元测试" itemprop="url">Angular使用笔记11-使用Karma和Jasmine进行单元测试</a>
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      <a href="https://godbasin.github.io" title="被删">被删</a>
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    <time datetime="2016-07-30T03:32:35.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-30</time>
    更新日期:<time datetime="2016-08-20T10:54:21.043Z" itemprop="dateModified">2016-08-20</time>
    
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			<strong class="toc-title">文章目录</strong>
		<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#TDD和BDD"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">TDD和BDD</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#TDD"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">TDD</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#BDD"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">BDD</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#参考"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#单元测试"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">单元测试</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Jasmine"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Jasmine</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#jasmine基础语法"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">jasmine基础语法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#jasmine环境配置"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">jasmine环境配置</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Karma"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">Karma</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Karma介绍"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">Karma介绍</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Karma安装"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Karma安装</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#编写测试代码"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">编写测试代码</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#控制器测试"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">控制器测试</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#结束语"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">结束语</span></a></li></ol>
		</div>
		
		<p>最近的一个项目使用AngularJS(v1.2.6)作为前端的框架，《Angular使用笔记》系列用于记录过程中的一些使用和解决方法。<br>本文记录使用Karma和Jasmine搭建测试环境的过程。<br><a id="more"></a></p>
<h2 id="TDD和BDD"><a href="#TDD和BDD" class="headerlink" title="TDD和BDD"></a>TDD和BDD</h2><hr>
<h3 id="TDD"><a href="#TDD" class="headerlink" title="TDD"></a>TDD</h3><p>Test Drive Development，测试驱动开发。<br>大概的流程是先针对每个功能点抽象出接口代码，然后编写单元测试代码，接下来实现接口，运行单元测试代码，循环此过程，直到整个单元测试都通过。</p>
<ul>
<li>优点：<ul>
<li>1.能驱使系统最终的实现代码，都可以被测试代码所覆盖到，也即“每一行代码都可测”。</li>
<li>2.测试代码作为实现代码的正确导向，最终演变为正确系统的行为，能让整个开发过程更加高效。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>不足<ul>
<li>1.项目的需求必须足够清晰。</li>
<li>2.对于一个业务模型及其复杂、内部模块之间的相互依赖性非常强的项目，采用TDD反而会得不尝失，这会导致程序员在拆分接口和写测试代码的时候工作量非常大。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="BDD"><a href="#BDD" class="headerlink" title="BDD"></a>BDD</h3><p>Behavior Drive Development，行为驱动开发。<br>把TDD中模糊的那一部分给明确了，强调开发、测试、BA、客户等所有项目相关人员都用自然语言来描述系统的行为。<br>大家看到的描述一致，读到的内容一致，于是最终测试驱动开发产出的结果也应该是最符合用户期望的。</p>
<h3 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h3><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/wangshenhe/archive/2013/02/16/2913431.html" target="_blank" rel="external">《[转]关于TDD、BDD和DDD的一些看法》</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="单元测试"><a href="#单元测试" class="headerlink" title="单元测试"></a>单元测试</h3><p>单元测试是一种测试你的项目中每个最小单元代码的艺术，是使你的程序思路清晰的基础。一旦所有的测试通过，这些零散的单元组合在一起也会运行的很好，因为这些单元的行为已经被独立的验证过了。</p>
<h2 id="Jasmine"><a href="#Jasmine" class="headerlink" title="Jasmine"></a>Jasmine</h2><hr>
<p>Jasmine是一个用来编写Javascript测试的框架，它不依赖于任何其它的javascript框架，也不需要对DOM。它有拥有灵巧而明确的语法可以让你轻松的编写测试代码。</p>
<h3 id="jasmine基础语法"><a href="#jasmine基础语法" class="headerlink" title="jasmine基础语法"></a>jasmine基础语法</h3><p>jasmine单元测试有两个核心的部分：describe函数块和it函数块。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Suites<br>Suites可以理解为一组测试用例，使用全局的Jasmin函数describe创建。describe函数接受两个参数，一个字符串和一个函数。字符串是这个Suites的名字或标题（通常描述下测试内容），函数是实现Suites的代码块。</p>
</li>
<li><p>Specs<br>Specs可以理解为一个测试用例，使用全局的Jasmin函数it创建。和describe一样接受两个参数，一个字符串和一个函数，函数就是要执行的测试代码，字符串就是测试用例的名字。一个Spec可以包含多个expectations来测试代码。</p>
</li>
<li><p>Expectations<br>Expectations由expect函数创建。接受一个参数。和Matcher一起联用，设置测试的预期值。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>在分组(describe)中可以写多个测试用例(it)，也可以再进行分组(describe)，在测试用例(it)中定义期望表达式(expect)和匹配判断(toBe*)。</p>
<ul>
<li>内置Matchers</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">expect(a).toBe(<span class="literal">true</span>);<span class="comment">//期望变量a为true  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toEqual(<span class="literal">true</span>);<span class="comment">//期望变量a等于true  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toMatch(<span class="regexp">/reg/</span>);<span class="comment">//期望变量a匹配reg正则表达式，也可以是字符串  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a.foo).toBeDefined();<span class="comment">//期望a.foo已定义  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a.foo).toBeUndefined();<span class="comment">//期望a.foo未定义  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toBeNull();<span class="comment">//期望变量a为null  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a.isMale).toBeTruthy();<span class="comment">//期望a.isMale为真  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a.isMale).toBeFalsy();<span class="comment">//期望a.isMale为假  </span></div><div class="line">expect(<span class="literal">true</span>).toEqual(<span class="literal">true</span>);<span class="comment">//期望true等于true  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toBeLessThan(b);<span class="comment">//期望a小于b  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toBeGreaterThan(b);<span class="comment">//期望a大于b  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toThrowError(<span class="regexp">/reg/</span>);<span class="comment">//期望a方法抛出异常，异常信息可以是字符串、正则表达式、错误类型以及错误类型和错误信息  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toThrow();<span class="comment">//期望a方法抛出异常  </span></div><div class="line">expect(a).toContain(b);<span class="comment">//期望a(数组或者对象)包含b</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><p>Setup and Teardown<br>为了在复杂的测试用例中更加便于组装和拆卸，Jasmine提供了四个函数：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">beforeEach(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>)  //在每一个测试用例(<span class="params">it</span>)执行之前都执行一遍<span class="title">beforeEach</span>函数；  </span></div><div class="line"><span class="title">afterEach</span>(<span class="params">function</span>)  //在每一个测试用例(<span class="params">it</span>)执行完成之后都执行一遍<span class="title">afterEach</span>函数；  </div><div class="line"><span class="title">beforeAll</span>(<span class="params">function</span>)  //在所有测试用例执行之前执行一遍<span class="title">beforeAll</span>函数；  </div><div class="line"><span class="title">afterAll</span>(<span class="params">function</span>)  //在所有测试用例执行完成之后执行一遍<span class="title">afterAll</span>函数；</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>this关键字<br>可以通过this关键字在beforeEach、afterEach和it之间共享变量，在beforeEach/afterEach/it中有一个共同的this对象。</p>
</li>
<li><p>参考<br><a href="http://ued.fanxing.com/javascriptdan-yuan-ce-shi-kuang-jia-jasmine/" target="_blank" rel="external">《JavaScript单元测试框架——Jasmine入门》</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="jasmine环境配置"><a href="#jasmine环境配置" class="headerlink" title="jasmine环境配置"></a>jasmine环境配置</h3><p>jasmine运行需要4个部分：<br>1.运行时环境：基于浏览器，通过HTML作为javascript载体<br>2.源文件：用于实现某种业务逻辑的文件，就是我们平时写的js脚本<br>3.测试文件：符合jasmineAPI的测试js脚本<br>4.输出结果：jasmine提供了基于网页的输出结果</p>
<h2 id="Karma"><a href="#Karma" class="headerlink" title="Karma"></a>Karma</h2><hr>
<h3 id="Karma介绍"><a href="#Karma介绍" class="headerlink" title="Karma介绍"></a>Karma介绍</h3><p>Karma是一个基于Node.js的JavaScript测试执行过程管理工具（Test Runner）。<br>该工具可用于测试所有主流Web浏览器，也可集成到CI（Continuous integration）工具，也可和其他代码编辑器一起使用。<br>这个测试工具的一个强大特性就是，它可以监控(Watch)文件的变化，然后自行执行，通过console.log显示测试结果。</p>
<h3 id="Karma安装"><a href="#Karma安装" class="headerlink" title="Karma安装"></a>Karma安装</h3><p>安装karma和相关插件。<br><figure class="highlight cmd"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">npm install karma --save-dev</div><div class="line">npm install karma-jasmine karma-chrome-launcher --save-dev</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h2 id="编写测试代码"><a href="#编写测试代码" class="headerlink" title="编写测试代码"></a>编写测试代码</h2><hr>
<p>项目中有关测试环境的搭建在我们之前<a href="http://blog.jobbole.com/65399/" target="_blank" rel="external">Yaomen</a>的时候就解决了呢。</p>
<h3 id="控制器测试"><a href="#控制器测试" class="headerlink" title="控制器测试"></a>控制器测试</h3><p>这里我们简述一下编写IndexCtrl控制器的代码：<br><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">describe(<span class="string">'Controller: IndexCtrl'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">  beforeEach(<span class="built_in">module</span>(<span class="string">'angularTestApp'</span>)); <span class="comment">//注入module</span></div><div class="line">  <span class="keyword">var</span> IndexCtrl, scope, rootscope;</div><div class="line">  beforeEach(inject(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">$controller, $rootScope</span>) </span>&#123; <span class="comment">//注入控制器和作用域</span></div><div class="line">    scope = $rootScope.$<span class="keyword">new</span>();</div><div class="line">    IndexCtrl = $controller(<span class="string">'IndexCtrl'</span>, &#123;</div><div class="line">      <span class="attr">$scope</span>: scope</div><div class="line">    &#125;);</div><div class="line">  &#125;));</div><div class="line">  it(<span class="string">'should have loading to be init'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    expect(scope.loading).toBe(<span class="string">'init'</span>);</div><div class="line">  &#125;);</div><div class="line">  it(<span class="string">'should have 4 asidemenus'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    expect(scope.asidemenus.length).toBe(<span class="number">4</span>);</div><div class="line">  &#125;);</div><div class="line">  it(<span class="string">'should load photo'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">  	expect(scope.avatar).toBeUndefined();</div><div class="line">    scope.loadphoto(<span class="string">'123'</span>);</div><div class="line">    expect(scope.avatar.length).toBe(<span class="number">3</span>);</div><div class="line">  &#125;);</div><div class="line">&#125;);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h2 id="结束语"><a href="#结束语" class="headerlink" title="结束语"></a>结束语</h2><hr>
<p>其它像Directive、Service等也是可以进行单元测试的哦，测试方法跟控制器，注入服务然后测试，小伙伴们也可以试试。</p>
  
		
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